Japanese particles

Japanese particles

Japanese particles, nihongo|"joshi"|助詞| or nihongo|"teniwoha"|てにをは|, are suffixes or short words in Japanese grammar that immediately follow the modified noun, verb, adjective, or sentence. Their grammatical range is varied, including functioning as syntactical denominators or indicating feelings, assertiveness etc.

Orthography and diction

Japanese particles are written in hiragana in modern Japanese, even though some of them have kanji forms. They follow the same rules of phonetical transcription as all Japanese words, with the exception of the phonetical "wa", "e" and "o", written は (ha), へ (he) and を (wo) respectively ; note that some speakers pronounce the particle "wo". These exceptions are a relic of historical kana usage.

List of particles

"bakari"

"da no"

"de mo"

"e"

"ka"

"ka shira"

"koro/goro"

"made"

"mo"

"nado"

"ne"

"no"

"no ni"

"sae"

"shi"

"to"

"tte"

Written as って in hiragana, this is another form of "to". It is a shortened version of "itte" (言って), the present progressive form of the verb "iu" (言う), "to say"; it functions as a type of verbal quotation mark. It is sometimes used for a direct quote, sometimes for an indirect quote, and sometimes simply to emphasize a word or concept.

"tte" is casual, and (because it can be a direct quote) the politeness level of the quoted material does not necessarily reflect on the speaker. If you wish to be assuredly formal, use "to iimasu" instead of "tte".

:"Sugu kimasu tte" could be, "He said he'll come soon" (more politely) or, "He said, 'I'll come soon.'" (less so).

Emphasizing a word or concept thoughtfully:

:"Arabugo tte, muzukashikunai?", "Arabic, huh, isn't that difficult?"

"tteba"

"jū"

"tachi"

Verb-derived postpositional idioms

"zoi"

ee also

*Japanese counter words
*Japanese verb conjugations
*
*Adposition

References

*A Dictionary of Elementary Japanese Grammar, Seiichi Makino and Michio Tsutsui, ISBN 4-7890-0454-6
*A Dictionary of Intermediate Japanese Grammar, Seiichi Makino and Michio Tsutsui, ISBN 4-7890-0775-8
*Handbook of Modern Japanese Grammar, Yoko McClain.
*A Reference Grammar of Japanese, Samuel L. Martin.
*How to Tell the Difference Between Japanese Particles, Naoko Chino, ISBN 4-7700-2200-X


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