Amiskwia

Taxobox
name = "Amiskwia"


regnum = Animalia
phylum = "incertae sedis"
genus = Amiskwia
species = A. sagittiformis
binomial = "Amiskwia sagittiformis"

"Amiskwia" is a small, soft-bodied invertebrate of unknown affinity known from fossils of the Middle Cambrian Lagerstätten both in the Burgess shale formation in British Columbia and the Maotianshan shales of Yunnan Province, China.

Very few specimens of this organism have been found, only five in the Burgess shale — which may be a reflection of its genuine rarity, but is more likely to be due to taphonomic (preservational) or behavioural factors. The fossils reach Convert|25|mm|in|0|abbr=on in length. The head is rounded, tipped with two tentacles, and appears to contain a four-ganglion brain; the body flattens out and broadens in the trunk, which appears to have been fairly muscular. Where the trunk meets the head there is a small tubular opening, which can be interpreted as the mouth; the gut terminates where the trunk narrows and meets the tail, which is broad and paddle shaped. The body morphology suggests a free energetic swimmer, which may be consistent with the dearth of fossils.

"Amiskwia" was originally categorized by paleontologist Charles Walcott. Walcott thought he saw three buccal spines in the fossils, and therefore categorized "Amiskwia" as a chaetognath worm (arrow worm). However, "Amiskwia" appears to lack the characteristic grasping spines and teeth of other Burgess fossil arrow worms, so later scientists suggested it was more likely a nemertean (ribbon worm). Conway Morris, on re-examining of the Burgess Shale fauna in the 1970s, described it as being the single known species in an otherwise unknown phylum, given that it has two tentacles near its mouth, rather than the characteristic single tentacle of true nemerteans.cite journal
author = Conway Morris, S.
year = 1977
title = A redescription of the Middle Cambrian worm Amiskwia sagittiformis Walcott from the Burgess Shale of British Columbia
volume = 51
pages = 271–287
url = http://www.schweizerbart.de/pubs/journals/0031-0220/paper/51/271
accessdate = 2007-08-19 ] Butterfield implies from the appearance of the fossils that the organisms may have lacked a cuticle:cite journal
author = Butterfield, N.J.
year = 1990
title = Organic Preservation of Non-Mineralizing Organisms and the Taphonomy of the Burgess Shale
journal = Paleobiology
volume = 16
issue = 3
pages = 272–286
url = http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0094-8373(199022)16%3A3%3C272%3AOPONOA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-%23
accessdate = 2007-08-19 ] whilst this is also true of the nemerteans, these organisms lack a coelom and are thus unlikely to fossilise. He goes on to argue that the absence of cuticle is characteristic of the Chaetognaths; whilst teeth would be expected, a similar fossil, "Wiwaxia", only shows such structures in 10% of the expected instances, and Anamolocarids are often found detached from their mouthparts, so the absence may be taphonomic rather than genuine. The absence of spines could simply mean that the fossils represent young organisms — or that later chaetognath evolution involved paedomorphosis. [Kasatkina, A.P. 1982. Ŝetinkočelustnyje morej SSSR i sopredel'nyh vod.136 pp. Nauka, Leningrad.:Cited in cite journal
author = Doguzhaeva, L.A.
coauthors = Mutvei, H.; Mapes, R.H.
year = 2002
title = Chaetognath grasping spines from the Upper Mississippian of Arkansas (USA)
journal = Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
volume = 47
issue = 3
pages = 421–430
url = http://app.pan.pl/acta47/app47–421.pdf
accessdate = 2007-08-19
format = dead link|date=June 2008 – ^{[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=intitle%3AChaetognath+grasping+spines+from+the+Upper+Mississippian+of+Arkansas+%28USA%29&as_publication=%5B%5BActa+Palaeontologica+Polonica%5D%5D&as_ylo=2002&as_yhi=2002&btnG=Search Scholar search]} ]

While more work on undescribed specimens is required before firm consensus is reached, the discovery of "P. spinosa", which strongly resembles modern Chaetognaths, in sediments of a similar age in Chengjiang biota places doubts on its position in the Chaetognath crown group.cite journal
author = Vannier, J.
coauthors = Steiner, M.; Renvoisé, E.; Hu, S.X.; Casanova, J.P.
year = 2007
title = Early Cambrian origin of modern food webs: evidence from predator arrow worms
journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
volume = 274
issue = 1610
pages = 627–633
url = http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/index/37V86148281362H0.pdf
accessdate = 2007-08-19
doi = 10.1098/rspb.2006.3761] Of course, many similarly enigmatic Cambrian fossils probably represent stem groups to living taxa, and there is no reason to assume that this organism must fall into an extant crown group at all.cite journal | author = Budd, G.E. | coauthors = Jensen, S. | year = 2000 | title = A critical reappraisal of the fossil record of the bilaterian phyla | journal = Biological Reviews | volume = 75 | issue = 02 | pages = 253–295 | doi = 10.1017/S000632310000548X]

The name "Amiskwia sagittiformis" derives from the nearby Amiskwia river, and its shape.

External links

* [http://paleobiology.si.edu/burgess/amiskwia.html Graphic of Amiskwia in motion]

References