Conrad Elvehjem

Conrad Elvehjem
Born	May 27, 1901(1901-05-27) McFarland, Wisconsin
Died	July 27, 1962(1962-07-27) (aged 61)
Fields	Biochemistry
Known for	Nutrition niacin

Conrad A. Elvehjem, (May 27, 1901 – July 27, 1962), was internationally known as a biochemist in nutrition. In 1937 he identified a molecule found in fresh meat and yeast as a new vitamin, nicotinic acid, now called niacin.^[1] His discovery led directly to the cure of human pellagra, once a major health problem in the United States.

Biography

Conrad Elvehjem, the son of Norwegian emigrants to Wisconsin, was born in McFarland, Wisconsin. He progressed through the secondary schools and the University of Wisconsin, where he received his doctorate in philosophy in 1927. A National Research Council fellowship permitted a year at Cambridge University in England. Elvehjem began teaching in agricultural chemistry at the University of Wisconsin in 1923, and became a full professor in 1936. He became chairman of the biochemistry department in 1944 and dean of the graduate school in 1946, at 45 years of age. He served as dean of the graduate school until he became university's 13th president in 1958.^[2]

Picking up on the work of Joseph Goldberger, he found that nicotinic acid cured black tongue in dogs, an analogous disease to pellagra. In the previous year, Elvehjem and his colleague Carl J. Koehn had found that a filtrate factor from a liver extract could cure diet-induced pellagra in chicks. That filtrate extract was designated as the vitamin G fraction, after the late Goldberger. To confirm their findings in dogs, they induced black tongue in these animals with the Goldberger diet of yellow corn, before supplementing the diet with the vitamin G fraction. Elvehjem and his colleagues later were able to isolate and identify nicotinamide and nictonic acid from vitamin G as the curative factors for black tongue in dogs. He also contributed greatly to the identification of vitamin B complex and was co-author of more than 780 scientific papers on biochemistry and nutrition. In 1952, Elvehjem was awarded the Albert Lasker Award for clinical medical research. He received the Willard Gibbs Medal in 1943.

Elvehjem commented frequently on nutrition as it affects both scientist and layman. "Vitamins should be obtained from natural foods if possible," he cautioned. "Generally they are cheaper, more palatable, and in better balance with other factors when taken in this form." He acknowledged the value of synthetic vitamins in treating deficiency diseases, but warned that their use should be temporary. (From his obituary in the New York Times, 19 July 1962.^{[verification needed]})

Elvehjem’s first graduate student (in 1931) was noted nutritionist Fredrick John Stare who later founded and chaired the department of nutrition at the Harvard School of Public Health, where he served until 1976. Elvehjem met his wife Constance W. Elvehjem when she was an undergraduate at UW Madison. She died in 1978 at the age of 83 after many years supporting the museum and the Madison community.

Legacy

Famous in Madison and among biochemists, Elvehjem's name appears on university awards, buildings, a town park, and a local elementary school. His name was formerly on the Elvehjem Art Center (later the Elvehjem Museum of Art), until the museum received a $20 million donation from Simona and Jerome A. Chazen (both UW–Madison alumni), and renamed itself the Chazen Museum of Art (a controversial move).^{[citation needed]} The building housing the museum retains the Elvehjem name.

References

1. ^ Koehn CJ, Elvehjem CA (1937-05-01). "Further studies on the concentration of the antipellagra factor". Journal of Biological Chemistry 118 (3): 693–699. http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/118/3/693. 
2. ^ Conrad Elvehjem For distinguished contributions to biochemical and nutrition research (Lasker Foundation, 2009)

Other sources

• Simoni, RD; Hill, RL; Vaughan, M (August 2002). "Copper as an essential nutrient and nicotinic acid as the anti-black tongue (pellagra) factor: the work of Conrad Arnold Elvehjem" (Free full text). The Journal of biological chemistry 277 (34): e22. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 12185207. http://www.jbc.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12185207. 
• Simoni, RD; Hill, RL; Vaughan, M (August 2002). "Copper as an essential nutrient and nicotinic acid as the anti-black tongue (pellagra) factor: the work of Conrad Arnold Elvehjem" (Free full text). The Journal of biological chemistry 277 (34): e22. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 12185207. http://www.jbc.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12185207. 
• Elvehjem, CA; Madden, RJ; Strong, FM; Wolley, DW (August 2002). "The isolation and identification of the anti-black tongue factor. 1937" (Free full text). The Journal of biological chemistry 277 (34): e22. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 12243127. http://www.jbc.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12243127. 
• Harper, AE; Elvehjem, CA (August 1991). "Journal of the American Medical Association, Volume 158, 1955: Importance of amino acid balance in nutrition". Nutrition reviews 49 (8): 233–4. ISSN 0029-6643. PMID 1956589. 
• Burris, RH; Baumann, CA; Potter, VR (1990). "Conrad Arnold Elvehjem: May 27, 1901-July 27, 1962". Biographical memoirs. National Academy of Sciences 59: 135–67. PMID 11616156. 
• "Nutrition classics. The American Journal of Physiology. Volume 107, 1934, pages 146-156. "Zinc in the nutrition of the rat" by W.R. Todd, C.A. Elvehjem and E.B. Hart". Nutrition reviews 38 (4): 151–4. April 1980. ISSN 0029-6643. PMID 7010227. 
• Elvehjem, CA; Madden, RJ; Strong, FM; Woolley, DW (February 1974). "The isolation and identification of the anti-black tongue factor". Nutrition reviews 32 (2): 48–50. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1974.tb06263.x. ISSN 0029-6643. PMID 4274128. 
• Kline, OL; Baumann, CA (May 1971). "Conrad Arnold Elvehjem--a biographical sketch (1901-1962)". The Journal of nutrition 101 (5): 571–7. ISSN 0022-3166. PMID 4930952. 

External links

• A Madison neighborhood is named for him, complete with eponymous park.[1]
• The University of Wisconsin–Madison has a virtual plaque dedicated to his discovery.[2]
• Interviews with his wife and some students in the University's Oral History Guide. [3]

Academic offices
Preceded by Edwin Broun Fred	President of the University of Wisconsin 1958-1962	Succeeded by Fred Harvey Harrington

1. ^ Koehn CJ, Elvehjem CA (1937-05-01). "Further studies on the concentration of the antipellagra factor". Journal of Biological Chemistry 118 (3): 693–699. http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/118/3/693. 
2. ^ Conrad Elvehjem For distinguished contributions to biochemical and nutrition research (Lasker Foundation, 2009)

Persondata
Name	Elvehjem, Conrad
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	27 May 1901
Place of birth	McFarland, Wisconsin
Date of death	27 July 1962
Place of death