National Party (UK, 1917)

For the later party by the same name, see National Party (UK, 1976).

The National Party was a short-lived British political party created in August 1917 as a right-wing split from the Conservative Party.^[1]

Formation

The party was formed at the height of the First World War, by Lord Ampthill, Sir Richard Cooper and Sir Henry Page Croft. Its members took a particularly xenophobic line on the war and were also strongly opposed to the sale of honours. This was reflected in their aims, as outlined in the party's manifesto:^[1]

• The abandonment of sectarian, class or sectional interests in favour of a "national" policy.
• "Complete victory in the war and after the war"
• The provision of adequate men and munitions to win the war.
• "The eradication of German influence"
• What they termed "honest politics"
• Unity between employer and employed
• Maximum production from the farms and factories of the United Kingdom, with "fair wages" for the workers and "fair profits" for the employers
• Maintenance of the unity of the British Empire
• A social policy that would ensure "a contented, patriotic race".
• A process to allow for the demobilisation of soldiers and sailors and their reintegration into civilian life.

Membership

Several Conservative MPs joined the party, including Lt Col Richard Hamilton Rawson, Alan Burgoyne, Douglas George Carnegie, Cooper, Croft, Viscount Duncannon and Rowland Hunt. The newly-formed party sought to widen its membership to include "men and women from all parties, not only in England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales, but throughout the British Empire".^[1] Liberal Unionist Party MP Edward Fitzroy also joined.

Activities

The National Party held public meetings and petitioned the Prime Minister Lloyd George. Its policies included raising the conscription age to fifty and introducing conscription to Ireland,^[2] the closing of German banks and businesses in the UK, the internment of enemy aliens, a guaranteed price for home-grown cereals, protectionism for British industry and counter air-raids against German towns.

The close links the National Party alleged to exist between heads of companies and government departments which gave them contracts were attacked. In June 1918 its headquarters in King Street, London and a number of regional offices were raided by military officers and government officials when the party came into possession of leaked documents.^[3]

The National Party had policies to help the working class because "if you wish for a patriotic race, you must aim at a contented people, reared under healthy conditions...and with full scope for advancement". One of its slogans was "no restriction in wages in return for no restriction of output".

Occasionally, it co-operated with the National Democratic and Labour Party. It published National Opinion from 1918 until 1923.^[4]

Relationship with the Tariff Reform League

At the 1917 annual general meeting of the Tariff Reform League, a protectionist organisation linked with a faction of the Conservative Party, an attempt was made to merge the league with the National Party. This led to angry scenes, and the motion was eventually withdrawn. The chairman of the League, Lord Duncannon, resigned and announced he was joining the new party.^[5]

Islington East by-election

The National Party's first electoral contest was in October 1917, when a by-election was called due to the death of the sitting member of parliament for Islington East. There was a political truce between the parties of the wartime coalition government, and the seat was expected to be filled without a contest. However, the party nominated E B Barnard, chairman of the Metropolitan Water Board to oppose the government candidate, Edward Smallwood. A third candidate, A Baker, was supported by the right wing MP Noel Pemberton Billing and the Vigilante Society. The party did poorly, with Barnard finishing in a distant third place with 513 votes.^[6] The party held its inaugural meeting two days later and the president, Lord Beresford, declared himself "delighted" with the result which "would have the effect of putting more grit into those who were fighting" for the party.^[7]

Proposed co-operation with the Labour Party

The National Party leadership were implaccably opposed to the two main parties in parliament: the "defunct" Conservatives and the "discredited" Liberals. Instead they sought to make an alliance with the Labour Party, which they saw as "the great party that was coming".^[7] They recognised that the five million working-class men under arms deserved improved conditions and status, and wished to "see what they could do to assist Labour". They also sought to make an alliance with the Merchant Seamen's League, supporting their aims of exacting punishment from the Germans for sinking ships in contravention of international law.^[7]

1918 general election

Most of the party's members rejoined the Conservatives before the 1918 UK general election. Its remaining candidates ran against the Lloyd George Coalition. They were supported by the Earl of Bessborough, his son the Lord Duncannon, the Lord Leith of Fyvie and the Duke of Somerset. There were twenty-three National party candidates but only Cooper and Croft were returned to Parliament.^[8][9]

Disbandment

In April 1921 the National Party was disbanded but was revived under the new name of the National Constitutional Association,^[4][10] which held conventions and co-operated with the 4th Marquess of Salisbury to help end the Lloyd George Coalition.

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} ""National Party" Statement Of Aims, A Unionist Secession". The Times: p. 8. 30 August 1917. 
2. ^ "Conscription For Ireland To Meet Our New Peril. (Advertisement by the National Party)". The Times: p. 8. 18 January 1918. 
3. ^ "National Party And Mr. Leverton Harris. Offices Searched For Documents". The Times: p. 7. 26 June 1918. 
4. ^ ^{a b} F. W. S. Craig, Minor Parties at British Parliamentary Elections
5. ^ "Tariff Reform League. Proposed Fusion With National Party, Strong Opposition.". The Times: p. 6. 17 September 1917. 
6. ^ "Islington Result. Majority Of 1,177 For The Government". The Times: p. 8. 24 October 1917. 
7. ^ ^{a b c} "National Party Aims. Policy Of Cooperation With Labour". The Times: p. 3. 26 October 1917. 
8. ^ "262 Majority. Huge Coalition Victory, Mr. Asquith's Defeat, 59 Labour Members, Pacifists Routed". The Times: p. 9. 30 December 1918. 
9. ^ "The New House. Final State Of Parties". The Times: p. 7. 4 January 1919. 
10. ^ "End Of The National "Party." Changed Title And Status". The Times: p. 7. 20 April 1921.