Mortimer Lewis

Mortimer Lewis and his wife Elizabeth

Mortimer William Lewis (1796 – 9 March 1879), was an English architect and surveyor who migrated to Australia and became Colonial Architect in the state of New South Wales from 1835 to 1849. Lewis was responsible for designing and overseeing many government buildings in Sydney and rural New South Wales, many of which are heritage listed.

Early life

Lewis was born in London in 1796. At the age of nineteen he started work as a surveyor and draughtsman in the London office of the Inspector General of Fortifications. In 1819 he married Elizabeth Clements, who bore him three sons and a daughter. Another son was to be born later in Sydney, Australia. After eight years in private practice Lewis received an appointment as assistant surveyor in the office of surveyor-general of New South Wales. He set sail with his family in 1829 and arrived in Sydney in March, 1830.^[1]

Career in Australia

Lewis arrived in Sydney via Hobart on the 1st of April 1830 as a free settler aboard the convict ship the Dunvegan Castle, which left Britain on the 28th of September 1829. ^[2]

From 1830 Lewis worked in the office of surveyor-general of New South Wales under Sir Thomas Mitchell, and during this time mapped the Great Dividing Range, 130 kilometres west of Sydney. Lewis was appointed to be the Town Surveyor; in 1835 he was further promoted to the position of Colonial Architect which he held for 14 years during a period of great expansion. ^[3]

A long series of public works throughout New South Wales followed, including court houses, police stations and government buildings. Lewis also supervised the construction of buildings designed by other architects, a notable example being Government House designed in England by Edward Blore. Lewis became the leading proponent in Australia of the Classical Revival style, ^[4] in particular the Doric variation, although he did not exclusively design in this style.

Lewis's post as Colonial Architect ended sourly after a public controversy concerning the construction of Sydney’s first museum. In the late 1840s he began designing Sydney's first museum, which would later be absorbed into the present Australian Museum. The project experienced substantial cost overruns during construction and Lewis was heavily criticised by both the press and politicians. The museum was completed, but an official inquiry blamed Lewis and he was forced to resign as Colonial Architect in 1849. ^[1]

Notable Works

• Gladesville Mental Hospital, Gladesville, New South Wales, 1836-1838

In 1935 Governor Bourke made suggestions within reports of that he had finally discovered an architect competent enough to satisfy his needs within the public works sector. Lewis' discovery to Bourke came at a time when there was desperate need of a Lunatic Asylum which was adequate to deal with problem people within the colony. Lewis began work in 1836 and the Gladesville Asylum opened in 1938. His design had a simple traditional facade, symmetrical in plan and elevation. The Ionic columns of the portico would have been one of the first examples of such ornate craftsmanship within Australia at this time ^[5] . Previously it was more common to see Doric columns with circular detailing at the capitals, requiring far less detail and craftsmanship than the ornate Ionic columns designed by Lewis.

• St John's Anglican Church, Camden, New South Wales , 1849 (completed)

St John's Anglican Church of Camden New South Wales, completed in 1849, is regarded as one of the finest examples of Gothic Revival architecture in Australia . The church was constructed from local materials such as stone and clay. The clay is known to produce bricks with a great variation in colour and the St. Johns church is no exception producing pink, russet, red and orange bricks. Lewis had an affinity with stucco at the time of construction and the bricks of the church were laid with the anticipation of a secondary finish which never occurred for unknown reasons. Ironically the roughly laid bricks resulted in a richness in the facade, adding character and depth.

• Darlinghurst Courthhouse, Darlinghurst, 1835-1844

Said to be one of Lewis’ most important works ^[5], the “erudite Greek Classic “Darlinghurst Courthouse was commenced in 1835 and completed in 1844. Lewis’ plan placed the court room in the centre, with a symmetrical arrangement of rooms for magistrates and court officials either side. The entry was through a pedimented porch framed with Doric columns, a direct imitation of an ancient Greek temple, except in this instance the Doric columns do not extend to the ground. It is said that the pattern in the sandstone columns was stopped at a height to avoid damage from passing traffic ^[5]. Darlinghurst Court was the first purposely designed courthouse to be built in NSW, with the general layout and form referenced for buildings of law in Australia for the next 60 years. These included Lewis’s (c. 1837; destr.) Parramatta Courthouse, New South Wales, and the Supreme Court (1847–51; now Magistrates’ Court House), Adelaide, South Australia, by Richard Lambeth. The building was altered in 1886 by James Barnet to include major flanking court room additions. The extension facing Victoria Street, completed in 1963, was designed by the Government Architect's Office.

• Bronte House, Bronte, New South Wales, 1843 - 1845

Lewis acquired land in what was to become the beachside suburb of Bronte, and started work on the sandstone bungalow which became Bronte House. The house was originally built with the intention of housing his family but Lewis was forced to sell mid-construction during the 1840’s recession. The partially built property was purchased by Robert Lowe. The four square asymmetrical plan, including a bay and bow window, was typical of Lewis, except the external detailing, such as the romantic circular and hexagonal corner turrets, were assumed to have been altered to suit the new owners’ needs. ^[6] The building was sited in the substantial gardens of the naturally irregular site. This picturesque style was not commonly found in Australian Colonial architecture and was thought to be a transition, from the simplicity and symmetry of earlier Georgian building types, to a revivalism of the Victorian era. ^[6] The house, with garden, remains substantially intact and is owned by Waverley Council, which leases it to private tenants. It is open to the public a few times a year.

• Richmond Villa, Richmond, New South Wales 1850

In 1849 Lewis bought three plots of land behind Macquarie St facing Richmond terrace in Sydney. On this plot of land he built himself a house which is known as Richmond Villa. It is one of very few houses Lewis designed as his work generally consisted within the Public realm. The Villa is an example of domestic gothic revivalism. The ground floor contained a high verandah with zig-zag lattice like detailing which contrasted to the buildings asymmetrical plan and fenestration. In 1978 the Villa was dismantled to make way for extensions to Parliament House and was later re erected in Kent St, Sydney.

Partial List of Works

The following Lewis buildings are listed on the Register of the National Estate.^[7]

• Toll House, Windsor (probably by Lewis), circa 1835
• Tarban Creek Lunatic Asylum (Gladesville Mental Hospital), 1836
• Police Station, Victoria Road, Ryde, 1837
• Parramatta Court House, 1837
• Former Darlinghurst Gaol, Sydney, 1836
• National Trust (originally military hospital), remodelled by Lewis, 1850s
• Court House, Darlinghurst, 1836
• Original Customs House, Sydney, 1844
• Legislative Council Chamber, Sydney, 1843
• Original Museum contained within Australian Museum, Sydney, 1849

• Treasury Building and Premier's Office, Sydney, 1849
• Police Station, Phillip Street, Sydney, 1869
• Bronte House, Sydney, 1838
• Toll House, Windsor circa 1835 (probably Lewis)
• Signal Station, Vaucluse, early 1840s
• Former Court House, Sloane Street, Goulburn, 1849
• Court House, Berrima, 1838
• Former Court House, Wollombi, 1866
• Gaol, East Maitland, 1844–48
• Police Station, Hunter Street, Newcastle, 1849
• Court House, Raymond terrace, 1841
• Former Court House, Scone, 1848–49
• Court House, Hartley, 1837
• Nugal Hall, Randwick, 1853
• Wentworth Mausoleum, Vaucluse, 1873 (attributed to Mansfield brothers by some sources)^[8]

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  Signal Station, Vaucluse

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  Former Darlinghurst Gaol

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  Tarban Creek Lunatic Asylum (Gladesville Mental Hospital)

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  Court House, Hartley

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  Bronte House, Bronte

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  Premier's Office, Sydney

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  Wentworth Mausoleum, Vaucluse

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  Police Station, Ryde

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  Darlinghurst Court House

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Herman, Morton (1967). "Lewis, Mortimer William (1796 - 1879)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: Australian National University. http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A020098b.htm. Retrieved 1 February 2009. 
2. ^ [1], additional text.
3. ^ Template:Oxford Art Online
4. ^ The Heritage of Australia, Macmillan Company, 1981, p.70
5. ^ ^{a b c} Template:The Early Australian Architects
6. ^ ^{a b} Template:Statement of Significance Heritage branch database
7. ^ The Heritage of Australia, p.96
8. ^ Sydney Architecture, John Haskell (UNSW Press) 1997, p.75

1. Lewis, Mortimer (William), Tibbits, George, Oxford Art Online, www.oxfordartonline.com, Retrieved 9 April 2011
2. Statement of Significance, Heritage branch database, Schofield, http://www.heritage.nsw.gov.au/07_subnav_04_1.cfm, Retrieved 9 April 2011
3. Statement of Significance, Heritage branch database, Broadbent, James, http://www.heritage.nsw.gov.au/07_subnav_04_1.cfm, Retrieved 9 April 2011
4. Sydney Architecture, Paul McGillick 2005, p.36-p.37
5. The Early Australian Architects and Their Work, Herman, Morton, 1973, Angus and Robertson Publishers, p. 190-206

Persondata
Name	Lewis, Mortimer
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	1796
Place of birth
Date of death	9 March 1879
Place of death

External Links

http://www.brontehouse.com/history/history_land.html Official Bronte house website

http://www.heritage.nsw.gov.au/index.html Heritage Branch Database