Dreissiger

Friedrich Münch (1799-1881), a leading organizer of the Dreissiger

The term Dreissiger (German Dreißiger) (Thirtiers) refers to liberal intellectuals who left Germany and came to the United States in the 1830s to escape political repression.^[1] In a broader sense, it refers to immigrants from across Germany, and including members of every social and economic class, who emigrated to the USA during this period.^[2]

The failures of the French July Revolution of 1832, the Hambacher Fest of 1832 and the Frankfurter Wachensturm of 1833 were followed by restrictions on press freedom and academic freedom. Leaders including Paul Follenius and Friedrich Münch organized the Giessen Emigration Society to help Germans move to a "new and free Germany in the great North American Republic." The Dreissiger were generally more cautious than the later forty-eighters, who emigrated to the USA after the failed European revolutions of 1848.^[1] The more liberal of the Dreissiger formed societies dedicated to supporting equality and justice, but the more conservative Catholic Germans were uncomfortable with this activism.^[3]

References

1. ^ ^{a b} "Dreissiger". Texas State Historical Association. http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/DD/pnd1.html. Retrieved 2010-10-25. 
2. ^ Audrey L. Olson (1980). St. Louis Germans, 1850-1920: the nature of an immigrant community and its relation to the assimilation process. Ayer Publishing. p. 9. ISBN 0405134479. http://books.google.ca/books?id=LQFKJiiaE6IC&pg=PA9. 
3. ^ Andrew Robert Lee Cayton (2002). Ohio: the history of a people. Ohio State University Press. p. 144. ISBN 0814208991. http://books.google.ca/books?id=tC9d4JVvefIC&pg=PA144.