Neapolitan dialect

Neapolitan
nnapulitano
Spoken in	Italy
Native speakers	unknown
Language family	Indo-European Italic Romance Italo-Dalmatian Southern Italian Neapolitan
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Linguasphere	51-AAA-rb
Southern Italian dialects. Neapolitan is (IV), dark purple, labeled "Campano".[1][2][3][4]
This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters.

Neapolitan (autonym: nnapulitano; Italian: napoletano) is the language of the city and region of Naples (Neapolitan: Nàpule; Italian: Napoli), and Campania. On October 14, 2008 a law by the Region of Campania stated that the Neapolitan language had to be protected.^[5]

It is part of Southern Italian, what Ethnologue calls Napoletano-Calabrese.^[6] This linguistic group is spoken throughout most of southern continental Italy, including the Gaeta and Sora districts of southern Lazio, the southern part of Marche, Abruzzo, Molise, Basilicata, northern Calabria, and northern and central Puglia.

Distribution

The Neapolitan dialects are distributed throughout most of continental southern Italy, historically united during the Kingdom of Naples and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and include Neapolitan proper, Irpino, Cilentano, Ascolano, Teramano, Abruzzese Orientale Adriatico, Abruzzese Occidentale, Molisano, Dauno-Appenninico, Garganico, Apulo-Barese, Lucano, and Cosentino. The dialects are part of a varied dialect continuum, so the varieties in southern Lazio, Marche, Abruzzo, Molise, Apulia, Lucania and Calabria can typically be recognizable as regional groups of dialects. In eastern Abruzzo and Lazio the dialects give way to Central Italian dialects such as Romanesco. In central Calabria and southern Puglia, the dialects give way to the Sicilian language. Largely due to massive southern Italian immigration in the 20th century, there are also numbers of speakers in Italian diaspora communities in the United States, Canada, Australia, Brazil, Argentina and Venezuela.

Neapolitan has also had a significant influence on the intonation of Rioplatense Spanish, spoken mainly in the Buenos Aires region of Argentina.^[7]

Classification

Neapolitan is generally considered Italo-Dalmatian. There are notable differences among the various dialects, but they are all generally mutually intelligible. The language as a whole has often fallen victim of its status as a "language without prestige".

Italian language and Neapolitan are of variable mutual comprehensibility, depending on factors both affective and linguistic. There are notable grammatical differences such as nouns in the neuter form and unique plural formation, and historical phonological developments that often obscure the cognacy of lexical items. Its evolution has been similar to that of Italian and other Romance languages from their roots in Spoken Latin. It has also developed with a pre-Latin Oscan influence, which controversially purported to be noticeable in the pronunciation of the d sound as an r sound (rhotacism), but only when "d" is at the beginning of a word, or between two vowels (e.g.- "doje" or "duje" (two, respectively feminine and masculine form), pronounced, and often spelled, as "roje"/"ruje", vedé (to see), pronounced as "veré", and often spelled so, same for cadé/caré (to fall), and Madonna/Maronna). Some think^[who?] that the rhotacism is a more recent phenomenon, though. Another purported Oscan influence (claimed by some^{[by whom?]} to be more likely than the previous one) is historical assimilation of the consonant cluster /nd/ as /nn/, pronounced [nː] (this generally is reflected in spelling more consistently) (e.g.- "munno" ('world', compare to Italian "mondo"), "quanno" ('when', compare to Italian "quando"), etc.), along with the development of /mb/ as /mm/ (e.g.- tammuro (drum), cfr. Italian tamburo), also consistently reflected in spelling. Other effects of the Oscan substratum are postulated too, although substratum claims are highly controversial. In addition, the language was also affected by the Greek language. There have never been any successful attempts to standardize the language (e.g.- consulting three different dictionaries^{[citation needed]}, one finds three different spellings for the word for tree, arbero, arvero and àvaro).

Neapolitan has enjoyed a rich literary, musical and theatrical history (notably Giambattista Basile, Eduardo de Filippo, Salvatore di Giacomo and Totò). Thanks to this heritage and the musical work of Renato Carosone in the 1950s, Neapolitan is still in use in popular music, even gaining national popularity in the songs of Pino Daniele and the Nuova Compagnia di Canto Popolare.

The language has no official status within Italy and is not taught in schools. The Università Federico II in Naples offers (from 2003) courses in Campanian Dialectology at the faculty of Sociology, whose actual aim is not teaching students to speak the language, but studying its history, usage, literature and social role. There are also ongoing legislative attempts at the national level to have it recognized as an official minority language of Italy. It is however a recognized ISO 639 Joint Advisory Committee language with the language code of nap.

For comparison, The Lord's Prayer is here reproduced in the Neapolitan spoken in Naples and in a northern Calabrian dialect, in contrast with a variety of southern Calabrian (part of Sicilian language), Italian and Latin.

Catholic Catechism	Neapolitan (Naples)	Neapolitan (Northern Calabrian)	Sicilian (Southern Calabrian)	Sicilian (Sicily)	Italian	Latin
Our Father who art in heaven,	Pate nuoste ca staje 'ncielo,	Patre nuorru chi sta ntru cielu,	Patri nostru chi' sini nt'o celu,	Nunnu nostru, ca inta lu celu siti	Padre Nostro, che sei nei cieli,	Pater noster, qui es in caelis
hallowed be thy name	santificammo 'o nomme tuojo	chi sia santificatu u nume tuoio,	m'esti santificatu u nomi toi,	mu santificatu esti lu nomu vostru:	sia santificato il tuo nome.	sanctificetur nomen tuum:
Thy kingdom come,	faje vení 'o regno tuojo,	venisse u riegnu tuoio,	Mù veni u rregnu toi,	Mu veni lu regnu vostru.	Venga il tuo regno,	Adveniat regnum tuum.
Thy will be done,	sempe c' 'a vuluntà toja,	se facisse a vuluntà tuoia,	ù si facissi a voluntà	Mu si faci la vuluntati vostra	sia fatta la tua volontà,	Fiat voluntas tua
on earth as it is in heaven.	accussí 'ncielo e 'nterra.	sia nto cielu ca nterra.	com'esti nt'o celu, u stessa sup'a terra.	comu esti inta lu celu, accussì incapu la terra	come in cielo, così in terra.	sicut in caelo et in terra
Give us this day our daily bread	Fance avé 'o ppane tutt' 'e juorne	Ranne oje u pane nuorro e tutti i juorni,	Dùnandi ped oji u pani nostru e tutti i jorna	Dunàtini ogghi lu nostru panuzzu.	Dacci oggi il nostro pane quotidiano,	Panem nostrum quotidianum da nobis hodie.
and forgive us our trespasses	lièvace 'e dièbbete	perdunacce i rebita nuorri,	e' perdùnandi i debiti,	E pirdunàtini li nostri dèbbiti,	e rimetti a noi i nostri debiti,	Et dimitte nobis debita nostra,
as we forgive those who trespass against us,	comme nuje 'e llevamme a ll'ate,	cumu nue perdunammu i rebituri nuorri.	comu nù nc'i perdunamu ad i debituri nostri.	comu nuautri li pirdunamu a li nostri dibbitura.	come noi li rimettiamo ai nostri debitori.	sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris.
and lead us not into temptation,	nun 'nce fa spantecà,	Un ce mannare ntra tentazione,	Non nci dassari nt'a tentazioni,	E nun lassàtini cascari inta la tintazziuni;	E non ci indurre in tentazione,	Et ne nos inducas in tentationem;
but deliver us from evil.	e llievace 'o mmale 'a tuorno.	ma liberacce e ru male.	ma liberandi d'o mali.	ma scanzàtini di lu mali.	ma liberaci dal male.	sed libera nos a malo.
Amen.	Ammèn.	Ammèn.	Ammèn.	Ammèn.	Amen.	Amen.

Alphabet and pronunciation

The Neapolitan alphabet, like the Italian alphabet, is almost the same as the English alphabet except that it consists of only 22 letters. It does not contain k, w, x, or y even though these letters might be found in some foreign words. The pronunciation guidelines that follow are based on pronunciation of American English and these values may or may not be applicable to British English.

All romance languages are closely related. Although Neapolitan shares a high degree of its vocabulary with Italian, the official language of Italy, differences in pronunciation often make the connection unrecognizable to those without knowledge of Neapolitan. The most striking phonological difference is the Neapolitan weakening of unstressed vowels into schwa (schwa is pronounced like the a in about or the u in upon). However it is also possible (and quite common for some Neapolitans) to speak standard Italian with a "Neapolitan accent"; that is, by pronouncing un-stressed vowels as schwa but by otherwise using only entirely standard words and grammatical forms. This is not Neapolitan proper, but a mere difference in Italian pronunciation.

Therefore, while pronunciation presents the strongest barrier to comprehension, the grammar of Neapolitan is what sets it apart from Italian. In Neapolitan, for example, the gender and number of a word is expressed by a change in the accented vowel, whereas in Italian it is expressed by a change in the final vowel (e.g. lungo, longa; Italian lungo, lunga; masc. "long", fem. "long"). These and other morpho-syntactic differences distinguish the Neapolitan language from the Italian language and the Neapolitan accent.

Vowels

While there are only five graphic vowels in Neapolitan, phonetically, there are eight. The vowels e and o can be either "closed" or "open" and the pronunciation is different for the two. The grave accent (à, è, ò) is used to denote open vowels, and the acute accent (é, í, ó, ú) is used to denote closed vowels. However, accent marks are not used in the actual spelling of words except when they occur on the final syllable of a word, such as Totò, arrivà, or pecché and when they appear here in other positions it is only to demonstrate where the stress, or accent, falls in some words.

Letter	IPA	Pronunciation guide
a	/a/ /ə/	a is always open and is pronounced like the a in father when it is the final, unstressed vowel, its pronunciation is indistinct and approaches the sound of the schwa
e	/ɛ/ /e/ /ə/	stressed, open e is pronounced like the e in bet stressed, closed e is pronounced like the a in fame except that it does not die off into ee unstressed e is pronounced as a schwa
i	/i/	i is always closed and is pronounced like the ee in meet
o	/ɔ/ /o/ /ə/	stressed, open o is pronounced like the o in often stressed, closed o is pronounced like the o in closed except that it does not die off into oo unstressed o is pronounced as a schwa
u	/u/	u is always closed and is pronounced like the oo in boot

Consonants

Letter	IPA	Pronunciation guide
b	/b/	pronounced the same as in English
c	/ʃ/ or /t͡ʃ/ /k/	when followed by e or i the pronunciation is somewhere between the sh in share and the ch in chore otherwise it is like the k in skip (not like the c in call, which is aspirated)
d	/d/	dental version of the English d
f	/f/	pronounced the same as in English
g	/ʒ/ or /d͡ʒ/ /ɡ/	when followed by e or i the pronunciation is somewhere between the g of germane and the z of azure otherwise it is like the g in gum
h		h is always silent and is only used to differentiate words pronounced the same and otherwise spelled alike (e.g. a, ha; anno, hanno) and after g or c to preserve the hard sound when e or i follows (e.g. ce, che; gi, ghi)
j	/j/	referred to as a semi-consonant, is pronounced like English y as in yet
l	/l/	pronounced the same as in English
m	/m/	pronounced the same as in English
n	/n/	pronounced the same as in English
p	/p/	pronounced the same as the p in English spill (not as the p in pill, which is aspirated)
q		always followed by u and pronounced the same as in English
r	/ɾ/ /r/	when between two vowels it is sounds very much like the American tt in butter but in reality it is a single tic of a trilled r when at the beginning of a word or when preceded by or followed by another consonant, it is trilled
s	/s/ or /z/	pronounced the same as in English and just as in English it is sometimes voiced and sometimes unvoiced
	/ʃ/ or /ʒ/[8]	pronounced sh when followed by a voiceless consonant (except /t/) and zh when followed by a voiced consonant (except /n d r l/)
t	/t/	dental version of the English t as in state (not as the t in tool, which is aspirated)
v	/v/	pronounced the same as in English
x	/ʃ/	pronounced sh the same as in English shower
z	/d͡z/ /t͡s/	voiced z is pronounced like the ds in suds unvoiced z is pronounced like the ts in jetsam

Digraphs and trigraphs

Letter	IPA	Pronunciation Guide
gn	/ɲ/	palatal version of the ni in the English onion
gl(i)	/ʎ/	palatal version of the lli in the English million
sc	/ʃ/	when followed by e or i it is pronounced as the sh in the English ship

Grammar

Definite articles

The Neapolitan definite articles (corresponding to the English word "the") are La (feminine singular), Lo (masculine singular) and Li (plural for both), but in reality these forms will probably only be found in older literature (along with Lu and even El) , of which there is much to be found. Modern Neapolitan uses, almost entirely, shortened forms of these articles which are:

Before a word beginning with a consonant:

	Singular	Plural
Masculine	’o	’e
Feminine	’a	’e
Neuter	’o	–

These definite articles are always pronounced distinctly.

Before a word beginning with a vowel:

l’ or ll’ for both masculine and feminine; for both singular and plural.

Although both forms can be found, the ll’ form is by far the most common.

It is well to note that in Neapolitan the gender of a noun is not easily determined by the article, so other means must be used. In the case of ’o which can be either masculine singular or neuter singular (there is no neuter plural in Neapolitan), when it is neuter the initial consonant of the noun is doubled. As an example, the name of a language in Neapolitan is always neuter, so if we see ’o nnapulitano we know it refers to the Neapolitan language, whereas ’o napulitano would refer to a Neapolitan man.

Likewise, since ’e can be either masculine plural or feminine plural, when it is feminine plural, the initial consonant of the noun is doubled. As an example, let's consider ’a lista which in Neapolitan is feminine singular for "list." In the plural it becomes ’e lliste.

There can also be problems with nouns whose singular form ends in e. Since plural nouns usually end in e whether masculine or feminine, the masculine plural is often formed by orthographically changing the spelling. As an example, let's consider the word guaglione (which means "boy", or "girl" in the feminine form):

	Singular	Plural
Masculine	’o guaglione	’e guagliune
Feminine	’a guagliona	’e gguaglione

More will be said about these orthographically changing nouns in the section on Neapolitan nouns.

A couple of notes about consonant doubling:

• Doubling is a function of the article (and certain other words), and these same words may be seen in other contexts without the consonant doubled. More will be said about this in the section on consonant doubling.
• Doubling only occurs when the consonant is followed by a vowel. If it is followed by another consonant, such as in the word spagnuolo (Spanish), no doubling occurs.

Indefinite articles

The Neapolitan indefinite articles, corresponding to the English "a" or "an", are presented in the following table:

	Masculine	Feminine
Before words beginning with a consonant	nu	na
Before words beginning with a vowel	n’	n’

Doubled initial consonants

In Neapolitan, many times the initial consonant of a word is doubled. This is apparent both in written as well as spoken Neapolitan.

• All feminine plural nouns, when preceded by the feminine plural definite article, ’e, or by any feminine plural adjective, will have the initial consonant doubled.
• All neuter singular nouns, when preceded by the neuter singular definite article, ’o, or by a neuter singular adjective, will have the initial consonant doubled.
• In addition, other words also trigger this doubling. Below is a list of words which trigger the doubling of the initial consonant of the word which follows.

Bear in mind, however, that when there is a pause after the "trigger" word, then the doubling does not occur (e.g. Tu sî gguaglione, [You are a boy] where sî is a "trigger" word causing doubling of the initial consonant in guaglione but in the phrase ’A do sî, guagliò? [Where are you from, boy? no doubling occurs). It is also well to note that no doubling occurs when the initial consonant is followed by another consonant (e.g. ’o ttaliano [the Italian language], but ’o spagnuolo [the Spanish language], where ’o is the neuter definite article).

Words which trigger doubling

• The conjunctions e and né, but not o (e.g. pane e ccaso; né ppane né ccaso; but pane o caso)
• The prepositions a, pe, cu (e.g. a mme; pe tte; cu vvuje)
• The negation nu, short for nun/nunn (e.g. nu ddicere niente)
• The indefinites ogne, cocche (e.g. ogne ccasa; cocche ccosa)
• Interrogative che and relative che, but not ca (e.g. Che ppiensa? Che ffemmena! Che ccapa!)
• accussí (e.g. accussí ttuosto)
• From the verb "essere," so’; sî; è; but not songo (e.g. je so’ ppazzo; tu sî ffesso; chillo è ccafone; chilli so’ ccafune; but chilli songo cafune)
• cchiú (e.g. cchiú ppoco)
• The number tre (e.g. tre ssegge)
• The neuter definite article ’o (e.g. ’o ppane, but nu poco ’e pane)
• The neuter pronoun ’o (e.g. ’o ttiene ’o ppane?)
• Demonstrative adjectives chistu and chillu which refer to neuter nouns in indefinite quantities (e.g. chistu ffierro; chillu ppane ) but not in definite quantities (e.g. Chistu fierro; chillu pane)
• The feminine plural definite article ’e (e.g. ’e ssegge; ’e gguaglione)
• The plural feminine pronoun ’e (’e gguaglione ’e cchiamme tu?)
• The plural masculine pronoun ’e preceding a verb, but not a noun (’e guagliune ’e cchiamme tu?)
• The locative lloco (e.g. lloco ssotto)
• From the verb stà: sto’ (e.g. sto’ pparlanno)
• From the verb puté: può; pô (e.g.  ; isso pô ssapé)
• The religious titles padre and madre (e.g. padre Ccarlo; padre Mmichele)
• Special case Spiritu Ssanto

See also

• Italian dialects
• Languages of Italy
• Sicilian language
• Calabrian languages
• Southern Italian

References

1. ^ Ali, Linguistic atlas of Italy
2. ^ Linguistic cartography of Italy by Padova University
3. ^ Italian dialects by Pellegrini
4. ^ AIS, Sprach-und Sachatlas Italiens und der Südschweiz, Zofingen 1928–1940
5. ^ Article in Italian language of Il Denaro
6. ^ Ethnologue Napoletano-Calabrese
7. ^ http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=43F6CF4CEB6223AA2ED40C7926999F70.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=236145
8. ^ Canepari, Luciano (2005), Italia, Manuale di fonetica, Lincom Europa, pp. 282–283, ISBN 3895864560, http://venus.unive.it/canipa/pdf/MFo_16_Italia.pdf 

• ’A lengua ’e Pulecenella by Carlo Iandolo
• Il napoletano parlato e scritto by Nicola De Blasi and Luigi Imperatore

External links

• On line English–Neapolitan translation
• Websters Online Dictionary Neapolitan–English
• Ethnologue World linguistic classification
• Interactive Map of languages in Italy
• Neapolitan on-line radio station
• Neapolitan glossary on Wiktionary
• Italian-Neapolitan searchable online dictionary
• Grammar primer and extensive vocabulary for the Neapolitan dialect of Torre del Greco
• Neapolitan Wikiprimer
• Neapolitan language and culture (in Italian)