List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe

List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe
Position of Europe on the world globe

The list below includes all entities falling even partially under any of the various common definitions of Europe, geographical or political. Fifty sovereign states are listed with territory in Europe and/or membership in international European organisations, six states with limited or no recognition and eight areas that are not integral parts of a European state or have special political status.

Contents

Definition of Europe

The division between Asia and Europe is debated but under the commonly used definition, the border stretches along the Ural Mountains,[1] Ural River, and Caspian Sea in the east,[2] the Caucasus Mountains[3] and the Black Sea, with its outlets, the Bosporus and Dardanelles, in the south.[4][5][5] Based on that division, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russia and Turkey have territory both in Europe and Asia.

The island of Cyprus in Southwest Asia is approximate to Anatolia (or Asia Minor) and is on the Anatolian Plate [6] but is often considered part of Europe as a current member of the European Union (EU). Armenia is entirely in Southwest Asia but is a member of certain European organisations.[7]

Although the Mediterranean Sea provides a clearer divide between Africa and Europe, some traditionally European islands such as Sicily and Malta are located on the African continental plate.[8] The island of Iceland is part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, straddling the Eurasian Plate and the North American Plate.[9]

Some territories geographically outside Europe have strong connections with European states. Greenland has sociopolitical connections with Europe and is part of the Kingdom of Denmark, but is grouped with the continent of North America.[10]

Other territories are part of European countries but are geographically located in other continents, such as the French overseas departments,[11] the Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla on the coast of Africa,[12] and the Dutch Caribbean territories of Bonaire, Saba and Sint Eustatius.[13]

Sovereign states

A sovereign state is a political association with effective sovereignty over a population for whom it makes decisions in the national interest.[14] According to the Montevideo convention, a state must have a permanent population, a defined territory, a government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other states.[15]

Recognised sovereign states

There are 50 internationally recognised sovereign states with territory located in common definitions Europe and/or membership in international European organisations, of which 44 have their capital city within Europe. All except the Vatican City are members of the United Nations (UN),[16] and all except Belarus, Kazakhstan and Vatican City are members of the Council of Europe.[17] Since 2007, 27 of these countries are also member states of the EU, which means they are highly integrated with each other and share their sovereignty with EU institutions.

Each entry in the list below has a map of its location in Europe. Territory in Europe is shown in dark-green; territory not geographically in Europe is shown in a lighter shade of green. The lightest shade of green represents states in the EU and is shown on the maps of all territories within the EU.

* = Member of the EU[18]
Flag Map English short and formal names
[19][20][21]
Domestic short and formal names
[19][20]
Capital
[22][23][21]
Population
[a][24]
Area
[a][25]
Flag of Albania
Map showing Albania in Europe
Albania

Republic of Albania
Albanian: Shqipëri / Shqipëria — Republika e Shqipërisë Tirana

Albanian: Tiranë
2,994,667 28,748 km2 (11,100 sq mi)
Flag of Andorra
Map showing Andorra in Europe
Andorra

Principality of Andorra
Catalan: Andorra — Principat d'Andorra Andorra la Vella

Catalan: Andora la Vella
84,825 468 km2 (181 sq mi)
Flag of Armenia
Map showing Armenia in Europe
Armenia[b]

Republic of Armenia
Armenian: Հայաստան — Հայաստանի Հանրապետությու (Hayastan — Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun) Yerevan

Armenian: Երևան (Yerevan)
2,967,975 29,743 km2 (11,484 sq mi)
Flag of Austria
Map showing Austria in Europe
Austria*

Republic of Austria
German: Österreich — Republik Österreich Vienna

German: Wien
8,217,280 83,871 km2 (32,383 sq mi)
Flag of Azerbaijan
Map showing Azerbaijan in Europe
Azerbaijan[b]

Republic of Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani: Azǝrbaycan — Azǝrbaycan Respublikası Baku

Azerbaijani: Bakı
8,372,373 86,600 km2 (33,436 sq mi)
Flag of Belarus
Map showing Belarus in Europe
Belarus

Republic of Belarus
Belarusian: Беларусь — Рэспубліка Беларусь

Russian: Беларусь — Республика Беларусь (Bielarus' — Respublika Belaruś)
Minsk

Belarusian: Мінск (Minsk)
9,577,552 207,600 km2 (80,155 sq mi)
Flag of Belgium
Map showing Belgium in Europe
Belgium*

Kingdom of Belgium
German: Belgien — Königreich Belgien

French: Belgique — Royaume de Belgique

Dutch: België — Koninkrijk België
Brussels

German: Brüssel

French: Bruxelles

Dutch: Brussel
10,431,477 30,528 km2 (11,787 sq mi)
Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Map showing Bosnia and Herzegovina in Europe
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian Latin: Bosna i Hercegovina

Bosnian, Serbian Cyrillic: Босна и Херцеговина
Sarajevo

Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian Latin: Sarajevo

Bosnian, Serbian Cyrillic: Сарајево
4,622,163 51,197 km2 (19,767 sq mi)
Flag of Bulgaria
Map showing Bulgaria in Europe
Bulgaria*

Republic of Bulgaria
Bulgarian: България — Република България (Bǎlgarija — Republika Bǎlgarija) Sofia

Bulgarian: София (Sofia)
7,093,635 110,879 km2 (42,811 sq mi)
Flag of Croatia
Map showing Croatia in Europe
Croatia

Republic of Croatia
Croatian: Hrvatska — Republika Hrvatska Zagreb

Croatian: Zagreb
4,483,804 56,594 km2 (21,851 sq mi)
Flag of Cyprus
Map showing Cyprus in Europe
Cyprus*[c]

Republic of Cyprus
Greek: Κύπρος — Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία (Kýpros — Kypriakí Dimokratí)

Turkish: Kıbrıs — Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti
Nicosia

Greek: Λευκωσία (Lefkosia)

Turkish: Lefkoşa
1,120,489 9,251 km2 (3,572 sq mi)
Flag of the Czech Republic
Map showing the Czech Republic in Europe
Czech Republic* Czech: Česko — Česká republika Prague

Czech: Praha
10,190,213 78,867 km2 (30,451 sq mi)
Flag of Denmark
Map showing Denmark in Europe
Denmark*[f]

Kingdom of Denmark
Danish: Danmark — Kongeriget Danmark Copenhagen

Danish: København
5,529,888 43,094 km2 (16,639 sq mi)
Flag of Estonia
Map showing Estonia in Europe
Estonia*

Republic of Estonia
Estonian: Eesti — Eesti Vabariik Tallinn

Estonian: Tallinn
1,282,963 45,228 km2 (17,463 sq mi)
Flag of Finland
Map showing Finland in Europe
Finland*

Republic of Finland
Finnish: Suomi — Suomen tasavalta

Swedish: Finland — Republiken Finland
Helsinki

Finnish: Helsinki

Swedish: Helsingfors
5,259,250 338,145 km2 (130,559 sq mi)
Flag of France
Map showing France in Europe
France*

French Republic
French: France — République française Paris

French: Paris
65,312,249 643,427 km2 (248,429 sq mi)
Flag of Georgia
Map showing Georgia in Europe
Georgia[b] Georgian: საქართველო (Sak'art'velo) Tbilisi / T'bilisi

Georgian: თბილისი (T'bilisi)
4,585,874 69,700 km2 (26,911 sq mi)
Flag of Germany
Map showing Germany in Europe
Germany*

Federal Republic of Germany
German: Deutschland — Bundesrepublik Deutschland Berlin

German: Berlin
81,471,834 357,022 km2 (137,847 sq mi)
Flag of Greece
Map showing Greece in Europe
Greece*

Hellenic Republic
Greek: Ελλάς — Ελληνική Δημοκρατία (Ellás — Elliniki Dimokratia) Athens

Greek: Αθήνα (Athína)
10,760,136 131,957 km2 (50,949 sq mi)
Flag of Hungary
Map showing Hungary in Europe
Hungary*

Republic of Hungary
Hungarian: Magyarország — Magyar Köztársaság Budapest

Hungarian: Budapest
9,976,062 93,028 km2 (35,918 sq mi)
Flag of Iceland
Map showing Iceland in Europe
Iceland

Republic of Iceland
Icelandic: Ísland — Lýðveldið Ísland Reykjavík

Icelandic: Reykjavík
311,058 103,000 km2 (39,769 sq mi)
Flag of Ireland
Map showing Ireland in Europe
Ireland*[d][26] English: Ireland

Irish: Éire
Dublin

English: Dublin

Irish: Baile Átha Cliath
4,670,976 70,273 km2 (27,133 sq mi)
Flag of Italy
Map showing Italy in Europe
Italy*

Italian Republic
Italian: Italia — Repubblica Italiana Rome

Italian: Roma
61,016,804 301,340 km2 (116,348 sq mi)
Flag of Kazakhstan
Map showing Kazakhstan in Europe
Kazakhstan[e]

Republic of Kazakhstan
Kazakh: Қазақстан — Қазақстан Республикасы (Qazaqstan — Qazaqstan Respūblīkasy)

Russian: Казахстан — Республика Казахстан (Kazahstan — Respublika Kazahstan)
Astana

Kazakh: Астана

Russian: Астана (Astana)
15,522,373 2,724,900 km2 (1,052,090 sq mi)
Flag of Latvia
Map showing Latvia in Europe
Latvia*

Republic of Latvia
Latvian: Latvija — Latvijas Republika Riga

Latvian: Rīga
2,204,708 64,589 km2 (24,938 sq mi)
Flag of Liechtenstein
Map showing Liechtenstein in Europe
Liechtenstein

Principality of Liechtenstein
German: Liechtenstein — Fürstentum Liechtenstein Vaduz

German: Vaduz
35,236 160 km2 (62 sq mi)
Flag of Lithuania
Map showing Lithuania in Europe
Lithuania*

Republic of Lithuania
Lithuanian: Lietuva — Lietuvos Respublika Vilnius

Lithuanian: Vilnius
3,535,547 65,300 km2 (25,212 sq mi)
Flag of Luxembourg
Map showing Luxembourg in Europe
Luxembourg*

Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
German: Luxemburg — Großherzogtum Luxemburg

French: Luxembourg — Grand-Duché de Luxembourg

Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuerg
Luxembourg

German: Luxemburg

French: Luxembourg

Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuerg
503,302 2,586 km2 (998 sq mi)
Flag of Macedonia
Map showing Macedonia in Europe
Macedonia

Republic of Macedonia
Macedonian: Македонија — Република Македонија (Makedonija — Republika Makedonija) Skopje

Macedonian: Скопје (Skopje)
2,077,328 25,713 km2 (9,928 sq mi)
Flag of Malta
Map showing Malta in Europe
Malta*

Republic of Malta
English: Malta — Republic of Malta

Maltese: Malta — Repubblika ta' Malta
Valletta

English: Valletta

Maltese: Valletta
408,333 316 km2 (122 sq mi)
Flag of Moldova
Map showing Moldova in Europe
Moldova

Republic of Moldova
Romanian: Moldova — Republica Moldova Chişinău

Romanian: Chişinău
4,314,377 33,851 km2 (13,070 sq mi)
Flag of Monaco
Map showing Monaco in Europe
Monaco

Principality of Monaco
French: Monaco — Principauté de Monaco Monaco

French: Monaco
30,539 2 km2 (0.8 sq mi)
Flag of Montenegro
Map showing Montenegro in Europe
Montenegro Serbian: Црна Гора (Crna Gora) Podgorica

Serbian: Подгорица (Podgorica)
661,807 13,812 km2 (5,333 sq mi)
Flag of the Netherlands
Map showing the Netherlands in Europe
Netherlands*[f][g][13]

Kingdom of the Netherlands
Dutch: Nederland — Koninkrijk der Nederlanden Amsterdam (capital)

The Hague (seat of government)

Dutch: Amsterdam

Dutch: 's-Gravenhage / Den Haag
16,847,007 41,543 km2 (16,040 sq mi)
Flag of Norway
Map showing Norway in Europe
Norway

Kingdom of Norway
Bokmål: Norge — Kongeriket Norge

Nynorsk: Noreg — Kongeriket Noreg
Oslo

Bokmål: Oslo
4,691,849 323,802 km2 (125,021 sq mi)
Flag of Poland
Map showing Poland in Europe
Poland*

Republic of Poland
Polish: Polska — Rzeczpospolita Polska Warsaw

Polish: Warszawa
38,441,588 312,685 km2 (120,728 sq mi)
Flag of Portugal
Map showing Portugal in Europe
Portugal*

Portuguese Republic
Portuguese: Portugal — República Portuguesa Lisbon

Portuguese: Lisboa
10,760,305 92,090 km2 (35,556 sq mi)
Flag of Romania
Map showing Romania in Europe
Romania* Romanian: România Bucharest

Romanian: Bucureşti
21,904,551 238,391 km2 (92,043 sq mi)
Flag of Russia
Map showing Russia in Europe
Russia[e]

Russian Federation
Russian: Росси́я — Российская Федерация (Rossija — Rossijskaja Federacija) Moscow

Russian: Москва (Moskva)
138,739,892 17,098,242 km2 (6,601,668 sq mi)
Flag of San Marino
Map showing San Marino in Europe
San Marino

Republic of San Marino
Italian: San Marino — Repubblica di San Marino San Marino

Italian: San Marino
31,817 61 km2 (24 sq mi)
Flag of Serbia
Map showing Serbia in Europe
Serbia

Republic of Serbia
Serbian: Србија — Република Србија (Srbija — Republika Srbija) Belgrade

Serbian: Београд (Beograd)
7,310,555 88,361 km2 (34,116 sq mi)
Flag of Slovakia
Map showing Slovakia in Europe
Slovakia*

Slovak Republic
Slovak: Slovensko — Slovenská republika Bratislava

Slovak: Bratislava
5,477,038 49,035 km2 (18,933 sq mi)
Flag of Slovenia
Map showing Slovenia in Europe
Slovenia*

Republic of Slovenia
Slovene: Slovenija — Republika Slovenija Ljubljana

Slovene: Ljubljana
2,000,092 20,273 km2 (7,827 sq mi)
Flag of Spain
Map showing Spain in Europe
Spain*

Kingdom of Spain
Spanish: España — Reino de España Madrid

Spanish: Madrid
46,754,784 505,370 km2 (195,124 sq mi)
Flag of Sweden
Map showing Sweden in Europe
Sweden*

Kingdom of Sweden
Swedish: Sverige — Konungariket Sverige Stockholm

Swedish: Stockholm
9,088,728 450,295 km2 (173,860 sq mi)
Flag of Switzerland
Map showing Switzerland in Europe
Switzerland

Swiss Confederation
German: Schweiz — Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft

French: Suisse — Confédération Suisse

Italian: Svizzera — Confederazione Svizzera

Romansh: Svizra — Confederaziun svizra
Bern / Berne

German: Bern

French: Berne

Italian: Berna
7,639,961 41,277 km2 (15,937 sq mi)
Flag of Turkey
Map showing Turkey in Europe
Turkey[e]

Republic of Turkey
Turkish: Türkiye — Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Ankara

Turkish: Ankara
78,785,548 783,562 km2 (302,535 sq mi)
Flag of Ukraine
Map showing Ukraine in Europe
Ukraine Ukrainian: Украïна (Ukraina) Kiev

Ukrainian: Київ (Kyiv)
45,134,707 603,550 km2 (233,032 sq mi)
Flag of the United Kingdom
Map showing the UK in Europe
United Kingdom (UK)*[h]

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
English: United Kingdom — United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland London

English: London
62,698,362 243,610 km2 (94,058 sq mi)
Flag of the Vatican City
Map showing Vatican City in Europe
Vatican City

State of the Vatican City


Holy See
Italian: Città del Vaticano — Stato della Città del Vaticano

Latin: Santa Sede — Status Civitatis Vaticanæ[27]
Vatican City

Italian: Città del Vaticano
832 0.44 km2 (0.17 sq mi)

Partially recognised sovereign states

The following four entities in Europe have partial diplomatic recognition by one or more UN member states, and therefore are defined as states by the constitutive theory of statehood. None are members of the UN, Council of Europe or EU.

Flag Map English short and formal names Status Domestic short and formal names Capital Population[a] Area[a]
Flag of Abkhazia
Map showing Abkhazia in Europe
Abkhazia[b]

Republic of Abkhazia
Claimed as an autonomous republic of Georgia. Recognised by five UN states. Abkhaz: Аҧсны (Apsny)

Russian: Абха́зия (Abhazia)
Sukhumi

Abkhaz: Аҟəа (Akwa)

Russian: Сухуми
250,000 [28] 8,660 km2 (3,344 sq mi)[29]
Flag of Kosovo
Map showing Kosovo in Europe
Kosovo

Republic of Kosovo[19]
Claimed as an autonomous province of Serbia. Recognised by 84 UN states. Albanian: Kosova / Kosovë — Republika e Kosovës

Serbian: Косово — Република Косово (Kosovo — Republika Kosovo)
Pristina[22]

Albanian: Prishtina, Prishtinë

Serbian: Приштина (Priština)
1,825,632[24] 10,887 km2 (4,203 sq mi)[25]
Flag of Northern Cyprus
Map showing Northern Cyprus in Europe
Northern Cyprus[c]

Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
Claimed as part of the Republic of Cyprus. Recognised only by Turkey. Turkish: Kuzey Kıbrıs — Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti Nicosia

Turkish: Lefkoşa
285,356[30] 3,355 km2 (1,295 sq mi)[25]
Flag of South Ossetia
Map showing South Ossetia in Europe
South Ossetia[b]

Republic of South Ossetia
Claimed as part of Georgia. Recognised by five UN states. Ossetic: Хуссар Ирыстон — Республикæ Хуссар Ирыстон (Khussar Iryston — Respublikæ Khussar Iryston)

Russian: Южная Осетия — Республика Южная Осетия (Yuzhnaya Osetiya — Respublika Yuzhnaya Osetiya)
Tskhinvali

Ossetic: Цхинвал or Чъреба (Chreba)
70,000[31] 3,900 km2 (1,506 sq mi)[32]

Unrecognised sovereign states

The following two geo-political entities in Europe have no diplomatic recognition by any UN member states but are defined as states by the declarative theory of statehood. Neither is a member of the UN, Council of Europe or EU.

Flag Map English short and formal names Status Domestic short and formal names Capital Population[a] Area[a]
Flag of Nagorno-Karabakh
Map showing Nagorno-Karabakh in Azerbaijan
Nagorno-Karabakh[b]

Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
Claimed as part of Azerbaijan. Recognised only by 3 non-UN states. Armenian: Լեռնային Ղարաբաղ — Լեռնային Ղարաբաղ Հանրապետություն (Lernayin Gharabaghi — Lernayin Gharabaghi Hanrapetut’yun)[33] Stepanakert

Armenian: Ստեփանակերտ (Khankendi)
141,400[34] 7,000 km2 (2,703 sq mi)[35]
Flag of Transnistria
Map showing Transnistria in Moldova
Transnistria / Trans-Dniester

Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
Claimed as a territorial unit of Moldova. Recognised only by 3 non-UN states. Moldovan: Нистрянэ — Република Молдовеняскэ Нистрянэ (Transnistria — Republica Moldovenească Nistreană)

Russian: Приднестрóвье — Приднестрóвская Молдáвская Респýблика (Pridnestrov'ye — Pridnestrovskaya Moldavskaya Respublika)

Ukrainian: Придністрóв'я — Придністровська Молдавська Республіка (Prydnistrov'ya — Pridnistrovs'ka Moldavs'ka Respublika)
Tiraspol

Moldovan: Тираспол

Russian: Тирáсполь

Ukrainian: Тирáсполь
530,000[36] 3,500 km2 (1,351 sq mi)[37]

Dependent territories

The following six European entities are dependent territories.[38]

* = Part of the EU, although there may be special arrangements
Flag Map English short and formal names[19][21] Legal status Domestic short and formal names Capital[22] Population[24] Area[25]
Flag of the United Kingdom, as used in Akrotiri and Dhekelia
Map showing Akrotiri and Dhekelia in Cyprus
Akrotiri and Dhekelia [c]

Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia[citation needed]
British overseas territory English: Akrotiri and Dhekelia — Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Episkopi Cantonment

English: Episkopi Cantonment
15,700 254 km2 (98 sq mi)
Flag of the Faroe Islands
Map showing the Faroe Islands in Europe
Faroe Islands / Faeroe Islands Constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark Faroese: Føroyar

Danish: Færøerne
Tórshavn

Faroese: Tórshavn

Danish: Thorshavn
49,267 1,393 km2 (538 sq mi)
Flag of Gibraltar
Map showing Gibraltar in Europe
Gibraltar*[39] British overseas territory English: Gibraltar Gibraltar

English: Gibraltar
28,956 6.5 km2 (2.5 sq mi)
Flag of Guernsey
Map showing Guernsey in relation to the United Kingdom
Guernsey[h]

Bailiwick of Guernsey
Crown Dependency of The Crown in Right of the United Kingdom English: Guernsey — Bailiwick of Guernsey

French: Guernesey — Bailliage de Guernesey

Guernésiais: Guernesey — Bailliage de Guernesey
Saint Peter Port

English: Saint Peter Port

French: Saint Pierre Port

Guernésiais: Saint Pierre Port
65,068 78 km2 (30 sq mi)
Flag of the Isle of Man
Map showing the Isle of Man in Europe
Isle of Man[h] Crown Dependency of The Crown in Right of the United Kingdom English: Isle of Man

Manx: Mannin — Ellan Vannin
Douglas

English: Douglas

Manx: Doolish
84,655 572 km2 (221 sq mi)
Flag of Jersey
Map showing Jersey in Europe
Jersey[h]

Bailiwick of Jersey
Crown Dependency of The Crown in Right of the United Kingdom English: Jersey — Bailiwick of Jersey

French: Jèrri — Bailliage de Jèrri

Jèrriais: Jèrri — Bailliage de Jèrri
Saint Helier

English: Saint Helier

French: Saint-Hélier

Jèrriais: Saint Hélyi
94,161 116 km2 (45 sq mi)

Special areas of internal sovereignty

The following places are considered integral parts of their controlling state, but have a political arrangement which was decided through an international agreement.

* = Part of the EU, although there may be special arrangements
Flag Map English short and formal names Legal status Domestic short and formal names Capital Population Area
Flag of Åland
Map showing Åland in Europe
Åland*[40]

Åland Islands[21]
Self-governing area of Finland, determined by the result of the Åland crisis[41] Swedish: Åland — Landskapet Åland Mariehamn[21]

Swedish: Mariehamn
27,500[42] 6,787 km2 (2,620 sq mi)[42]
Flag of Norway, as used in Svalbard
Map showing Svalbard in Europe
Svalbard[19] Special territory of Norway, determined by the Svalbard Treaty[43] Bokmål: Svalbard Longyearbyen[22][21]

Bokmål: Longyearbyen
2,019[24] 62,045 km2 (23,956 sq mi)[25]

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f Area and population numbers include integral areas located outside of Europe. The area and population of states with separatist regions includes that of the separatist regions.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Part of Transcaucasian Region, at the crossroads of Europe and Asia. Physiographically, Armenia falls entirely in Western Asia, while Georgia and Azerbaijan are mostly in Asia with small portions north of the Caucasus Mountains divide in Europe.
  3. ^ a b c The island of Cyprus is located on the Cyprian arc on the edge of the Asian Anatolian Plate and is physiographically associated with Asia, but it is part of European organisations such as the EU.
  4. ^ The terms Republic of Ireland and Poblacht na hÉireann are not official long names and are used only as a legal description meant to differentiate the state from the island.
  5. ^ a b c Kazakhstan, Russia and Turkey have territory in both Europe (dark green) and Asia (light green).
  6. ^ a b Denmark and the Netherlands are constituent countries of the Kingdom of Denmark and the Kingdom of the Netherlands respectively. Both are members of the EU; however, the other constituent countries of their kingdoms are not. In international organisations, the terms Denmark and Netherlands are often used as short forms of their respective kingdoms as a whole.
  7. ^ The Netherlands is also known as "Holland", but this is the improper name of the whole country as it refers only to a small region inside the country. See Netherlands (terminology).
  8. ^ a b c d The United Kingdom (UK) consists of the countries of England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The UK is responsible for the foreign relations and ultimate good governance of the Crown dependencies of Guernsey, the Isle of Man and Jersey, which are otherwise separate. The mainlands of England, Scotland and Wales make up the island of Great Britain (or simply Britain), which is sometimes used synonymously with the United Kingdom.

See also

References

  1. ^ Charles T. Evans (2009-07-01). "Ural Mountains". Novaonline.nvcc.edu. http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/evans/HIS241/Notes/Geography/Urals.html. Retrieved 2011-02-17. 
  2. ^ "The Ural River". Geography.howstuffworks.com. 2008-03-30. http://geography.howstuffworks.com/asia/the-ural-river.htm. Retrieved 2011-02-17. 
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