- Arcesilaus
Infobox Philosopher
region = Western Philosophy
era =Ancient philosophy
color = #B0C4DE
image_size =
image_caption =
name = Arcesilaus
birth = c. 316 BC,Pitane ,Aeolis
death = c. 241 BC,Athens
school_tradition =Platonism
main_interests =Platonism , Skepticism
notable_ideas = Founder ofAcademic Skepticism
influences =Plato ,Theophrastus ,Crantor , Polemo,Crates of Athens
influenced = Lacydes,Carneades , Clitomachus,Philo of Larissa
Arcesilaus ( _el. Ἀρκεσίλαος) (ca. 316-ca. 241 BC) was a Greek
philosopher and founder of the Second or Middle Academy—the skeptical phase of the Academy. Arcesilaus succeeded Crates as head (scholarch ) of the Academy c. 264 BC. He did not preserve his thoughts in writing, so his opinions can only be gleaned second-hand from what is preserved by later writers. He was the first Academic to adopt a position ofphilosophical skepticism , that is, he doubted the ability of thesenses to discovertruth about the world, although he may have continued to believe in the existence of truth itself. This brought in the skepical phase of the Academy. His chief opponents were theStoics and their belief that reality could be comprehended with certainty.Life
Arcesilaus was born in Pitane in
Aeolis . His early education was provided by Autolycus themathematician , with whom he migrated toSardis . Afterwards, he came toAthens to studyrhetoric ; but adopted philosophy and became theeromenos and disciple first ofTheophrastus and afterwards ofCrantor . [Eusebius of Caesarea: "Praeparatio Evangelica" VI: "For having associated in boyhood with Theophrastus, a man of gentle and amorous disposition, Arcesilaus being beautiful and still in the bloom of youth gained the love of Crantor the Academic, and attached himself to him; and being not without natural ability, he let it run its swift and easy course"] He subsequently became intimate with Polemo and Crates, and eventually became head of the school (σχολάρχης).Diogenes Laërtius says that, like his successorLacydes , he died of excessive drinking, but the testimony of others (e.g.Cleanthes ) and his own precepts discredit the story, and he is known to have been much respected by the Athenians.Philosophy
Arcesilaus committed nothing to writing, his opinions were imperfectly known to his contemporaries, and can now only be gathered from the confused statements of his opponents.
On the one hand, he is said to have restored the doctrines of
Plato in an incorrupted form; while, on the other hand, according toCicero , [Cicero, "Academica", i. 12] he summed up his opinions in the formula, "that he knew nothing, not even his own ignorance." There are two ways of reconciling the difficulty: either we may suppose him to have thrown out such aphorisms as an exercise for his pupils, as Sextus Empiricus, [Sextus Empiricus, "Pyrrh. Hypotyp." i. 234] who calls him aSceptic , would have us believe; or he may have really doubted the esoteric meaning of Plato, and have supposed himself to have been stripping his works of the figments of the Dogmatists, while he was in fact taking from them all certain principles. [Cicero, "De Oratore", iii. 18.]The
Stoics were the chief opponents of Arcesilaus; he attacked their doctrine of a convincing conception ("katalêptikê phantasia") as understood to be a mean between science and opinion - a mean which he asserted could not exist, and was merely the interpolation of a name. [Cicero, "Academica", ii. 24.] It involved a contradiction in terms, as the very idea of "phantasia" implied the possibility of false as well as true conceptions of the same object.It is a question of some importance as to how the skepticism of the Middle and New Academy was distinguished from that of
Pyrrhonism . Admitting the formula of Arcesilaus, "that he knew nothing, not even his own ignorance," to be an exposition of his real sentiments, it was impossible in one sense that skepticism could proceed further: but the Academic skeptics do not seem to have doubted the existence oftruth in itself, only our capacities for obtaining it. It differed also from the principles of the pure skeptic in the practical tendency of its doctrines: while the object of the one was the attainment of perfect equanimity, the other seems rather to have retired from the barren field of speculation to practical life, and to have acknowledged some vestiges of a moral law within, at best but a probable guide, the possession of which, however, formed the real distinction between the sage and the fool. Slight as the difference may appear between the speculative statements of the two schools, a comparison of the lives of their founders and their respective successors leads to the conclusion, that a practical moderation was the characteristic of the Academic skeptics. [Sextus Empiricus, "adv. Math. "ii. 158, "Pyrrh. Hypotyp." i. 3, 226.]Notes
External links
*sep entry|arcesilaus|Arcesilaus|Charles Brittain
*iep|a/arcesil.htm
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