Yuman–Cochimí languages

Yuman–Cochimí
Yuman
Geographic distribution:	Colorado River basin and Baja California
Linguistic classification:	Hokan ? Yuman–Cochimí
Subdivisions:	Cochimí Kiliwa Delta–California River Pai
Pre-contact distribution of Cochimí languages

The Yuman–Cochimí languages, are a family of languages spoken in Baja California and northern Sonora in Mexico and southern California and western Arizona in the United States.

Genetic relations

There are approximately a dozen Yuman languages. The extinct Cochimí, attested from the 18th century, was identified after the rest of the family had been established, and was found to be more divergent. The resulting family was therefore called Yuman–Cochimí, with Yuman being the extra-Cochimí languages.

• Cochimí (†) (Northern Cochimí and Southern Cochimí may have been distinct languages)
• Kiliwa
• Core Yuman ?
  • Delta–California Yuman
    • Ipai (aka 'Iipay, Northern Diegueño)
    • Kumeyaay (aka Southern Diegueño, Campo, Kamia)
    • Tipai (aka Southern Diegueño, Huerteño, Ku'ahl)
    • Cocopah (aka Cucapá; cf. Kahwan, Halyikwamai)
  • River Yuman
    • Quechan (aka Yuma)
    • Maricopa (aka Pii-Paash; cf. also Halchidhoma)
    • Mohave
  • Pai
    • Yavapai
    • Upland Yuman (aka Northern Yuman)
      • Hualapai dialect (aka Walapai)
      • Havasupai dialect
    • Paipai (aka Akwa'ala; possibly distinct from the Upland Yuman language only at the dialect level)

Cochimí is now extinct. Cucapá is the Spanish name for the Cocopa. Diegueño is the Spanish name for the Ipai–Kumeyaay–Tipai, now often referred to collectively as Kumeyaay. Upland Yuman consists of several mutually intelligible dialects spoken by the politically distinct Yavapai, Hualapai, and Havasupai.

Bibliography

• Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford University Press.
• Goddard, Ives. (1996). "Introduction". In Languages, edited by Ives Goddard, pp. 1–16. Handbook of North American Indians, William C. Sturtevant, general editor, Vol. 17. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
• Kendall, Martha B. (1983). "Yuman languages". In Southwest, edited by Alfonso Ortiz, pp. 4–12. Handbook of North American Indians, William C. Sturtevant, general editor, Vol. 10. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
• Langdon, Margaret. (1990). "Diegueño: how many languages?" In Proceedings of the 1990 Hokan–Penutian Language Workshop, edited by James E. Redden, pp. 184–190. Occasional Papers in Linguistics No. 15. University of Southern Illinois, Carbondale.
• Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
• Mixco, Mauricio J. (2006). "The indigenous languages". In The Prehistory of Baja California: Advances in the Archaeology of the Forgotten Peninsula, edited by Don Laylander and Jerry D. Moore, pp. 24–41.

External links

• Ethnologue: Yuman
• Comparative Yuman Swadesh vocabulary lists (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)