Chatham Islands skink

Chatham Island skink
Conservation status
Vulnerable (IUCN 2.3)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Family:	Scincidae
Genus:	Oligosoma
Species:	O. nigriplantare nigriplantare
Binomial name
Oligosoma nigriplantare nigriplantare (Peters, 1874)

The Chatham Island skink, Oligosoma nigriplantare, is a species of skink in the family Scincidae.

It is the sole reptile species found on the Chatham Islands of New Zealand where it occurs on all the major islands except Chatham Island itself. Given the geological history of the Chatham Islands, it is assumed that O. n. nigriplantare previously occurred on Chatham Island; however, there are no fossil records or historical reports of O. n. nigriplantare on Chatham Island ^[1]. Since O. n. nigriplantare is almost locally extinct on Pitt Island as a result of introduced mammals ^[2], the presence of introduced mammals on Chatham Island might have resulted in the local extinction of O. n. nigriplantare ^[3]. On vegetated islands, O. n. nigriplantare inhabits grassland and shrub habitat, but it also occurs on marine rock stacks with sparse vegetation ^[4]. Substantial morphological variation (body size, colour and colour pattern) is evident within O. n. nigriplantare ^[5][6], potentially indicating morphological evolution following its colonization of the Chatham Islands. Indeed, O. n. nigriplantare (up to 91 mm Snout to Vent Length; SVL) has a substantially larger body size than O. n. polychroma (up to 77 mm SVL) ^[7][8].

Recent genetic studies indicate that O. n. nigriplantare diverged from Oligosoma nigriplantare polychroma (its nearest relative) 5.86–7.29 million years ago.^[9] This pre-dates the emergence date for the Chatham Islands, but indicates that O. n. nigriplantare colonized the Chatham Islands via overwater dispersal on a single occasion. There is substantial morphological variability evident in O. n. nigriplantare, and a shallow level of genetic differential between islands within the Chatham Islands indicating low gene flow between islands, but not speciation between islands. The level of genetic and morphological divergence between O. n. nigriplantare and Oligosoma nigriplantare polychroma might warrant their recognition as distinct species.

References

1. ^ Hitchmough RA, Bull L, Cromarty P (2005) New Zealand Threat Classification Lists. Science and Technology Publishing, Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand
2. ^ Freeman A (2000) A preliminary study of habitat use in the skink O. n. nigriplantare on Rangitira Island, New Zealand. Herpetofauna, 30, 7–10.
3. ^ Hitchmough RA, Bull L, Cromarty P (2005) New Zealand Threat Classification Lists. Science and Technology Publishing, Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand
4. ^ Freeman A (2000) A preliminary study of habitat use in the skink Oligosoma nigriplantare nigriplantare on Rangitira Island, New Zealand. Herpetofauna, 30, 7–10.
5. ^ Daugherty CH, Patterson GB, Thorn CJ, French DC (1990) Differentiation of the members of the New Zealand Leiolopisma nigriplantare species complex (Lacertilia: Scincidae). Herpetological Monographs, 4, 61–76; Patterson & Daugherty 1990;
6. ^ Freeman A (2000) A preliminary study of habitat use in the skink Oligosoma nigriplantare nigriplantare on Rangitira Island, New Zealand. Herpetofauna, 30, 7–10.
7. ^ Patterson GB, Daugherty CH (1990) Four new species and one new subspecies of skinks, genus Leiolopisma (Reptilia: Lacertilia: Scincidae) from New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 20, 65–84;
8. ^ Gill B, Whitaker T (2001) New Zealand Frogs and Reptiles. David Bateman, Auckland, New Zealand
9. ^ Liggins, Chapple, Daughertry and Ritchie - Origin and post-colonization evolution of the Chatham Islands skink (Oligosoma nigriplantare nigriplantare)" Molecular ecology [0962-1083] Liggins yr:2008 vol:17 iss:14 pg:3290 -3305"