White-fringed Antwren

White-fringed Antwren
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Thamnophilidae
Genus:	Formicivora
Species:	F. grisea
Binomial name
Formicivora grisea (Boddaert, 1783)

The White-fringed Antwren, Formicivora grisea, is a passerine bird in the antbird family. It is a resident breeder in tropical South America from Colombia southeast to the Guianas and Brazil, and on Tobago.

The White-fringed Antwren is typically 12.7 cm long, and weighs 9.4 g. The male has a grey-brown crown and upperparts, and black wings, tail, lower face and underparts. There are two conspicuous white wing bars and a white stripe running from above the eye down the sides of the breast and flanks. The tail feathers are tipped with white. The female's upperparts are much like the male, but females of the southern populations are orange below and have an orange supercilium. These occur south and east from southeastern Colombia and southernmost Venezuela. Northern population's females have underparts which are buff with dark streaks. The Tobagonian subspecies F. g. tobagensis is larger than mainland birds.

It has a tu whistle followed by a trilled churet, and a repeated and accelerating tu-ik call. Southern birds also have a repetitive chump-chump-chump song, quite unlike northern races which are sometimes separated as Northern White-fringed Antwren (Formicivora intermedia). F. grisea proper would then become the Southern White-fringed Antwren.

This is a common and confiding bird of second growth woodland, usually found as territorial pairs. The southern populations are associated with scrubby bushes on white sandy soils and restinga habitat. These birds inhabit the lowlands, up to around 200 meters ASL. In some places, they are sympatric with the Rusty-backed Antwren (F. rufa). The White-fringed Antwren feeds on small insects and other arthropods taken from undergrowth twigs and foliage.^[1]

The female lays two purple-marked creamy white eggs, which are incubated by both sexes, in a grass hammock nest low in a tree or shrub. Nests are occasionally plundered by predators, for example smallish mammals like the Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), despite the birds' attempts to defend their offspring.^[2]

Of a total of 13 birds studied in Colombia – in the Parque Nacional de La Macarena and near Turbo –, only one was infected with blood parasites (an undetermined Plasmodium species).^[3]

This bird is not considered globally threatened by the IUCN^[4]. However, its resilience to human alteration of habitat is not too pronounced, and in some regions its continuing presence would seem to depend on protection of habitat^[1].

Footnotes

1. ^ ^{a b} Venturini & de Paz (2005)
2. ^ de Lyra-Neves et al. (2007)
3. ^ Basto et al. (2006), Londono et al. (2007)
4. ^ BLI (2008)

References

• Basto, Natalia; Rodríguez, Oscar A.; Marinkelle, Cornelis J.; Gutierrez, Rafael & Matta, Nubia Estela (2006): Haematozoa in birds from la Macarena National Natural Park (Colombia). Caldasia 28 (2): 371–377 [English with Spanish abstract]. PDF fulltext
• BirdLife International (BLI) (2008). Formicivora grisea. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 16 November 2008.
• de Lyra-Neves, Rachel M.; Oliveira, Maria A. B.; Telino-Júnior,Wallace R. & dos Santos, Ednilza M. (2007): Comportamentos interespecíficos entre Callithrix jacchus (Linnaeus) (Primates, Callitrichidae) e algumas aves de Mata Atlântica, Pernambuco, Brasil [Interspecific behaviour between Callithrix jacchus (Linnaeus) (Callitrichidae, Primates) and some birds of the Atlantic forest, Pernanbuco State, Brazil]. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 24 (3): 709–716 [Portuguese with English abstract]. doi:10.1590/S0101-81752007000300022 PDF fulltext.
• ffrench, Richard; O'Neill, John Patton & Eckelberry, Don R. (1991): A guide to the birds of Trinidad and Tobago (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing, Ithaca, N.Y. ISBN 0-8014-9792-2
• Hilty, Steven L. (2003): Birds of Venezuela. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 0-7136-6418-5
• Londono, Aurora; Pulgarin-R., Paulo C. & Blair, Silva (2007): Blood Parasites in Birds From the Lowlands of Northern Colombia. Caribbean Journal of Science 43 (1): 87–93. PDF fulltext
• Venturini, Ana Cristina & de Paz, Pedro Rogerio (2005): Observações sobre a distribuição geográfica de Formicivora spp. (Aves: Thamnophilidae), no Estado do Espírito Santo, sudeste do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 13 (2): 169–175. PDF fulltext

External links

• Formicivora grisea photos on Flickr