Lifan Yuan

The Lifan Yuan (Chinese: 理藩院; pinyin: Lǐfànyuàn; Manchu: Tulergi golo be darasa jurgan; Mongolian: γadaγdu mongγul un törü-ji jasaqu jabudal-un jamun) was an agency in the Qing government which supervised the Qing Empire's Mongolian dependencies and oversaw the appointments of Ambans in Tibet. It was first created in the 17th century. It has various translations in English, e.g. Board for National Minority Affairs^[1], Court of Territorial Affairs^[2], Board for the Administration of Outlying Regions^[3], Office for Relations with Principalities^[4], Office of Barbarian Control^[5], Office of Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs^[6] and Court of Colonial Affairs, etc.

Prior to the establishment of the Zongli Yamen, the Court also supervised the empire's relation with Russia under the treaties of Nerchinsk and Kyakhta. Lifan Yuan was exclusively staffed with members from the Eight Banners. The predecessor of the Court was the Mongol Yamen (Manchu: Monggo jurgan). Lifan Yuan was the closest administrative office that the Qing Dynasty had that would have been comparable with a foreign policy department, although the Qing Dynasty cared little about relations with countries that did not border its domain.^{[citation needed]}

Guests of the Li-Fan Yuan were housed in the Hui-t'ung Kuan in the southeast part of the Tatar City. From the number Russians who stayed there it became known as the O-lo-ssu Kuan or Russian hostel. It was also called the 'nan kuan' to distinguish it from the 'pei (north) kuan' where the Albazinians lived. (There was also an 'o-lo-ssu wen kuan' where Manchus learned to speak Russian). From the Treaty of Kyakhta this residence became permanent.

This Li-Fan Yuan is to be distinguished from the Board of Rites, which was the traditional Chinese institution for dealing with outsiders. The Li-Fan Yuan was established at the time of Huang Taiji to deal with the Mongols. After the establishment to the Qing dynasty it continued to be a separate institution for dealing with Mongols and Russians. Both were replaced by the Zongli Yamen in 1861.

References

1. ^ The biographies of the Dalai Lamas‎ By Hanzhang Ya, P33
2. ^ Opium and the limits of empire: drug prohibition in the Chinese interior ... By David Anthony Bello, P65
3. ^ Political frontiers, ethnic boundaries, and human geographies in Chinese history By Nicola Di Cosmo, Don J. Wyatt, P367
4. ^ Imperial China 900-1800 By Frederick W. Mote, P868
5. ^ Sino-Russian Relations: A Short History By R. K. I. Quested, P46
6. ^ Traditional government in imperial China: a critical analysis By Mu Qian, Mu Ch'ien, George Oakley Totten, P135

Further reading

• Mayers, William Frederick. The Chinese Government: A Manual of Chinese Titles, Categorically Arranged and Explained, with an Appendix. 3rd edition revised by G.M.H. Playfair ed. Shanghai: Kelly & Walsh, 1897; reprint, Taibei: Ch'eng-Wen Pub. Co., 1966.
• Brunnert, S., V. V. Hagelstrom, and N. F. Kolesov. Present Day Political Organization of China. Translated by Andrei Terent'evich Biel'chenko and Edward Eugene Moran. Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh Limited, 1912.
• March, G. Patrick, Eastern Destiny: Russia in Asia and the North Pacific, 1996.