Hoplitomeryx

Taxobox
name = Hoplitomeryx
fossil_range = Late Miocene-Early Pliocene
status = Prehistoric

---

image_width = 163px
image_caption = "Hoplitomeryx matthei" Leinders 1984
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Mammalia
ordo = Artiodactyla
familia = Hoplitomerycidae
genus = "Hoplitomeryx"
subdivision_ranks = Species
subdivision =
*"H. matthei" ^{Leinders, 1984}
*four yet unnamed species

The five-horned prongdeer "Hoplitomeryx matthei" with its sabrelike ('moschid' type) upper canines lived on the Gargano Island, now a peninsula on the east coast of South Italy, but an island during the Miocene and the Early Pliocene.

Its fossilized remains were retrieved in the late sixties and subsequent years from reworked reddish, massive or crudely stratified silty-sandy clays (terrae rossae), which partially fill the paleo-karstic fissures in the Mesozoic limestone substrate and that are on their turn overlain by Late-Pliocene-Early Pleistocene sediments of a subsequently marine, shallow water and terrigenous origin. In this way a buried paleokarst originated.

The fauna from the paleokarst fillings is known as "Mikrotia" fauna after the endemic murid of the region (initially named "Microtia", with a c, but later corrected, because the genus "Microtia" was already occupied). Later, after the regression and continentalization of the area, a second karstic cycle started in the late Early Pleistocene, the neokarst, which removed part of the paleokarst fill.

Appearance

"Hoplitomeryx" was a deer-like ruminant (Leinders 1984) with a pair of horns above each orbit and one central nasal horn. Hoplitomerycidae are not the only horned deer, before the appearance of antlered deer, members of the deer family had horns. Another left-over of this stage is Antilocapra of North America, only survivor of a once successful group.

The diagnostic features of "Hoplitomeryx" are: one central nasal horn and a pair of pronged orbital horns, protruding canines, complete fusion of the navicocuboid with the metatarsal, distally closed metatarsal gully, a non-parallel-sided astragalus (Van der Geer 1999), and an elongated patella (Van der Geer 2004).

Hoplitomeryx species

The "Hoplitomeryx" skeletal material forms a heterogeneous group, containing four size groups from tiny to huge; within the size groups different morphotypes may be present. All size groups share the same typical "Hoplitomeryx" features. The different size groups are equally distributed over the excavated fissures, and are therefore not to be considered chronotypes. The hypothesis of an archipelago consisting of different islands each with its own morphotype cannot be confirmed so far. The tiny and small specimens show insular dwarfism, but this cannot be said for the medium and huge specimens.

The situation with several co-existing morphotypes on an island is paralleled by "Candiacervus" (Pleistocene, Crete, Greece). Opinions about its taxonomy differ, and at present two models prevail: one genus for eight morphotypes, or alternatively, two genera for five species. The second model is based upon limb proportions only, but these are invalid taxonomic features for island endemics, as they change under influence of environmental factors that differ from the mainland. Also in "Hoplitomeryx" the morphotypes differ in limb proportions, but here different ancestors are unlikely, because in that case they all ancestors must have shared the typical hoplitomerycid features. Interestingly, in Candiacervus as well as in "Hoplitomeryx", the largest species is as tall as an elk, but gracile and slender.

The large variation is instead explained as an example of adaptive radiation, starting when the Miocene ancestor colonized the island. The range of empty niches promoted its radiation into several trophic types, yielding a differentiation in "Hoplitomeryx". The shared lack of large mammalian predators and the limited amount of food in all niches promoted the development of derived features in all size groups (apomorphies).

ee also

* Monte Gargano

References

De Giuli, C. & Torre, D. 1984a. Species interrelationships and evolution in the Pliocene endemic faunas of Apricena (Gargano Peninsula - Italy). Geobios, Mém. spécial, 8: 379-383.

De Giuli, C., Masini, F., Torre, D. & Boddi, V. 1986. Endemism and bio-chronological reconstructions: the Gargano case history. Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana,25 (3): 267-276. Modena.

Dermitzakis, M. & De Vos, J. 1987. Faunal Succession and the Evolution of Mammals in Crete during he Pleistocene. Neues Jahrbuch Geologische und Paläontologische Abhandlungen 173, 3: 377-408.

De Vos, J. 1979. The endemic Pleistocene deer of Crete. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Series B 82, 1: 59-90.

De Vos, J. & Van der Geer, A.A.E. 2002. Major patterns and processes in biodiversity: axonomic diversity on islands explained in terms of sympatric speciation. In: Waldren, B. & Ensenyat (eds.). World Islands in Prehistory, International Insular Investigations, V Deia International Conference of Prehistory. Bar International Series, 1095: 395-405.

Freudenthal, M. 1972: Deinogalerix koenigswaldi nov. gen., nov. spec., a giant insectivore from the Neogene of Italy. Scripta Geologica 14.

Freudenthal, M. 1976. Rodent stratigraphy of some Miocene fissure fillings in Gargano (prov. Foggia, Italy). Scripta Geologica 37.

Freudenthal, M. 1985. Cricetidae (Rodentia) from the Neogene of Gargano (Prov. of Foggia, Italy). Scripta Geologica 77.

Leinders, J.J.M. 1984. Hoplitomerycidae fam. nov. (Ruminantia, Mammalia) from Neogene fissure fillings in Gargano (Italy); part 1: The cranial osteology of Hoplitomeryx gen. nov. and a discussion on the classification of pecoran families. Scripta Geologica 70: 1-51, 9 pl.

Mazza, P. 1987. Prolagus apricenicus and Prolagus imperialis: two new Ochotonids (Lagomorpha, Mammalia) of the Gargano (Southern Italy). Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 26 (3): 233-243.

Parra, V., Loreau, M. & Jaeger, J.-J. 1999. Incisor size and community structure in rodents: two tests of the role of competition. Acta Oecologica, 20: 93-101.

Van der Geer, A.A.E. 1999. On the astragalus of the Miocene endemic deer Hoplitomeryx from the Gargano (Italy). In: Reumer, J. & De Vos, J. (eds.). Elephants have a snorkel! Papers in honour of P.Y. Sondaar: 325-336. Deinsea 7.

Van der Geer, A.A.E. 2005. The postcranial of the deer Hoplitomeryx (Mio-Pliocene; Italy): another example of adaptive radiation on Eastern Mediterranean Islands. Monografies de la Societat d'Història Natural de les Balears 12: 325-336.

Van der Geer, A.A.E. 2005. Island ruminants and the evolution of parallel functional structures. In: Cregut, E. (Ed.): Les ongulés holarctiques du Pliocène et du Pléistocène. Actes Colloque international Avignon, 19-22 septembre. Quaternair, 2005 hors-série 2: 231-240.

Van der Geer (in press). The effect of insularity on the Eastern Mediterranean early cervoid Hoplitomeryx: the study of the forelimb. Quaternary International: The Journal of the International Union for Quaternary Research.

Interesting links

[http://users.uoa.gr/~geeraae Research on Hoplitomeryx]

[http://users.uoa.gr/~glyras Research on island faunas]

[http://avandergeer.blogspot.com/ Publications on Hoplitomeryx]